Researchers conducting systematic reviews use explicit methods aimed at minimizing bias, in order to produce more reliable findings that can be used to … From the review results, we derived suggestions for future research on clinical supervision. This systematic review and synthesis of existing empirical studies examines peer-reviewed research While scoping reviews may be conducted to determine the value and probable scope of a full systematic review, they may also be undertaken as exercises in and of themselves to summarize and disseminate research findings, to identify research gaps, and to make recommendations for the future research.". A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Model-Driven Development with UML Master thesis 60 credits Terese Helene Haug February 2007. There are multiple services available online that help students with their assignments. Unlike empirical research that tests hypotheses in order to arrive at valid research outcomes, non-empirical research theorizes the logical assumptions of research variables. Literature Review It is common to confuse systematic and literature reviews as both are used to provide a summary of the existent literature or research on a specific topic. College students often have to write different papers. Because most previous reviews lack methodological rigor, we aimed to review the status and quality of the empirical … In a properly executed integrative review, the effects of subjectivity are minimized through carefully applied criteria for evaluation. Empirical research is research using empirical evidence.It is also a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. A potent means of doing so is that of systematic reviews. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review of empirical research on syndemics, with a specific focus on understanding how the concept of disease interaction has been operationalized and tested. Connect with us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram - @opportunitydesk. The purpose of this systematic review is to describe the literature related to empirical health benefits of kombucha as identified from human subjects research. Scholarly literature can be of different types; some of which require that researchers conduct an original study, whereas others can be based on existing research. Assalammualaikum wbt, Sebelum ni saya tak perasan akan kewujudan jenis-jenis artikel ini sehinggalah saya ikuti penerangan Dr Hayrol baru di FB beliau. It also includes reviews as a literary form. Furthermore, beginning the writing process earlier provides one with enough time for the review and also produces better work. In that case, an integrative review is an appropriate strategy. A further problem is that systematic reviews have attracted criticism on the assumption that systematic reviewing is applicable only to empirical quantitative research . If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Kühne F(1), Maas J(2), Wiesenthal S(2), Weck F(2). Stephen MacDonell is with the School of Computing & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, … PDF | On Apr 1, 2020, Xiaodan Tang and others published Assessing computational thinking: A systematic review of empirical studies | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in Social Work in the College of Health and Public Affairs and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term … Author links open overlay panel Alexandra Stenhoff a Linda Steadman a Sarah Nevitt b Lilly Benson c Ross G. White a. This paper presents the findings of a systematic review of scholarly publications that report empirical findings from studies of environmentally-related international migration. A meaningful review, however, must take care to employ rigorous methods and carefully evaluate the validity of study outcomes to provide useful information about the effectiveness and cost … Systematic review or meta-analysis? A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor and replication. An integrative review summarizes past research and draws overall conclusions from the body of literature on a particular topic. An Umbrella review is a synthesis of existing reviews, only including the highest level of evidence such as systematic reviews and meta-analyes. Design a systematic review or research project based on a critical review of relevant subject and research methodology. When writing an essay or an article, it is imperative to identify its theme. 2016. To begin, fill out the online request form. Empirical Article - (Original Research) Based on experience and observation, rather than systematic logic. In contrast to the existing literature, emphasis is on the current findings of the experiment under operation. It is a frequent occurrence that science students are not adept for writing scientific papers. There used to be distinct ways of doing research and a researcher would proudly claim to be one or the other, praising his method and scorning the alternative. The main objective of the review … "Rapid reviews have emerged as a streamlined approach to synthesizing evidence in a timely manner -typically for the purpose of informing emergent decisions faced by decision makers in health care settings.". It will typically include substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic (Hart 2018, p. xiii).Traditionally in education ‘reviewing the literature’ and ‘doing research’ have been viewed as distinct activities. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany. It is also recommended to review the article before you make any submissions. Print 2013. In contrast to narrative approaches, systematic reviews are based on documented, transparent and reproducible searches, building on the same principles as other aspects of empirical research. The empirical review is structured to answer specific research questions within a research paper. I would say they are empirical research because they don't just summarise existing research but find out new things about it: it is meta-research. Do I have a clearly defined clinical question with established inclusion and exclusion criteria? A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question. A systematized review attempts to include elements of the systematic review process while stopping short of the systematic review. It uses explicit, systematic methods that are selected with a view to minimizing bias, thus providing more reliable findings from which conclusions can be drawn and … Do I have a team of at least three people assembled? The textual material examined may be equally broad and can encompass, in medicine specifically, clinical material as well as experimental research or case reports. The experiment is carried out under a planned or controlled observation and the inference is strictly monitored. Library staff, This article describes fourteen different review types and associated methodologies (scroll down to, A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question. A systematic review of the empirical research on selected aspects of homeschooling as a school choice Brian D. Ray National Home Education Research Institute, Salem, OR, USA ABSTRACT This article gives the demographic characteristics of the U.S. homeschooling population and the reasons that parents Index Terms Empirical software engineering, meta-analysis, systematic review, cost estimation. While a meta-review on systematic reviews on normative bioethical literature has already been performed, there is no equivalent for systematic reviews of empirical literature on ethical topics. Empiricism values some research more than other kinds. This article reports on a systematic, critical review of 111 published empirical papers investigating business coaching theory, processes, and outcomes. A systematic review answers a defined research question by collecting and summarizing all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria.. A meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of these studies.. If you think you do not need a systematic review but still need a Literature Review that is exhaustive, but not protocol-driven, librarians can still assist. It derives the knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief”. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews', International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare. Do I have time to go through as many search results as we might find? An empirical literature review is more commonly called a systematic literature review and it examines past empirical studies to answer a particular research question. No experimental work may be conducted and the results come out of already existing theories in a systematic manner. Do I have the statistical resources to analyze and pool data. The flow of the written content, the information that is presented and all other aspects are based on the topic. A question what is empirical research often confuses those who learn. In contrast to the empirical study, it is essential to review different researches while working on the literature review. 3, pp. For scientific purposes, the term Literature Review is the one used most often. A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies on Participants’ Interactions in Internet-Mediated Discussion Boards as a Course Component in Formal Higher Education Settings. Grant and Booth (2009) and Whittemore et al (2014) describe additional review types that may better fit your research. Scoping reviews are therefore particularly useful when a body of literature has not yet been comprehensively reviewed, or exhibits a complex or heterogeneous nature not amenable to a more precise systematic review of the evidence. Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias - an updated review PLoS One . Decision-making about food is influenced by a complex set of emotions, feelings, attitudes, and values that are impossible to assess simply by asking consumers their opinions. 132-140. A meta-analysis goes beyond critique and integration and conducts secondary statistical analyses on the outcomes of similar studies. Provide evidence of in-depth knowledge and skills in critical appraisal, data collection, data analysis and synthesis, presentation and interpretation of research findings. the empirical approaches and techniques in neuromarketing research that can be e ff ectively applied for studying consumers' food choices in order to help advance the knowledge in this fi eld. Observations should be written down systematically during the research. See instructions, Overcoming The Language Barrier With Eight Tips. It specifically refers to review compiling evidence from multiple reviews into one accessible and usable document. This provides evidence that, in this context at least, the systematic review is a robust research method. Many, but not all, systematic reviews contain meta-analyses. A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question. Empirical research is the process of testing a hypothesis using empirical evidence, direct or indirect observation and experience.This article talks about empirical research definition, methods, types, advantages, disadvantages, steps to conduct the research and importance of empirical research along with examples. An editorial board, composed of experts in the field, reviews … (according to MedicineNet.com) The articles contain original research (such as scientific experiments, surveys and research studies) A list of references or sources is provided at the end of each article. The experiment is carried out by means of calibrated instruments in a controlled manner. 141-146: A rapid review is an assessment of what is already known about a policy or practice issue, by using systematic review methods to search and critically appraise existing research. If you answered “No” to the last question, a meta-analysis will not be an appropriate methodology for your review. Systematic Reviews vs Other Types of Reviews, (P)IECES of a Systematic Review: Planning, P(I)ECES of a Systematic Review: Identifying the Evidence, This subject guide provides an overview of other types of reviews and how they compare to systematic reviews. A systematic review of empirical bioethics methodologies. The key characteristics of a systematic review are: Many, but not all, systematic reviews contain meta-analyses. Systematic Review vs. The empirical studies we examine are … Khangura, S, Konnyu, K, Cushman, R, Grimshaw, J & Moher, D 2012, 'Evidence summaries: The evolution of a rapid review approach', Systematic Reviews, vol. The body of literature comprises all studies that address related or identical hypotheses. This provides evidence that, in this context at least, the systematic review is a robust research method. By combining information from all relevant studies, meta-analyses can provide more precise estimates of the effects of health care than those derived from the individual studies included within a review. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Sorry, you have Javascript Disabled! The results are recorded, and the conclusions are drawn from the same. Normally, the analysis is performed by quantifying the results and the inference is drawn. Show more. Evidence. Paper review writers investigate every result before writing any conclusion in a paper or an essay. MedLine, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched … Services like Edusson or EssayServiceScanner are genuine ones. 2 . 3.1 Ethics statement. It is a systematic review that uses quantitative methods to synthesize and summarize the results. Hence, working in a timely way helps in developing the paper and your life on the whole. This also hampers with the work leading to decreased levels of quality. However, little is known with regards to the actual costs and benefits of Systematized reviews are typically conducted as a postgraduate student assignment, in recognition that they are not able to draw upon the resources required for a full systematic review (such as two reviewers). Methodology paper: Aromataris, E, Fernandez, R, Godfrey, CM, Holly, C, Khalil, H & Tungpunkom, P 2015, 'Summarizing systematic reviews: Methodological development, conduct and reporting of an umbrella review approach', Int J Evid Based Healthc, vol. Acommon type of submission at any Journal is a review of the published information related to a topic.These are often returned to their authors without review, usually because they are literature reviews rather than systematic reviews. This review aims to search the literature, present and critically discuss published Empirical Bioethics methodologies. Acceptance and commitment therapy and subjective wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials in adults. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Abstract This study explores the research paradigms and topics of MOOCs to gain a deeper understanding of the MOOC phenomenon by reviewing 146 empirical studies of MOOCs published from … Provide evidence of in-depth knowledge and skills in critical appraisal, data collection, data analysis and synthesis, presentation and interpretation of research findings. By means of existing facts, he or she can challenge a hypothesis or attempt to answer a particular question. A systematic search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Sociofile identified nine articles … Immersive virtual reality in K‐12 and higher education: A 10‐year systematic review of empirical research A systematic review of the empirical research on selected aspects of homeschooling as a school choice Brian D. Ray National Home Education Research Institute, Salem, OR, USA ABSTRACT This article gives the demographic characteristics of the U.S. … Design Systematic mapping review of qualitative research undertaken with randomised controlled trials and published in peer-reviewed journals. Meta-analyses also facilitate investigations of the consistency of evidence across studies, and the exploration of differences across studies (Cochrane Handbook, 1.2.2). Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. This guide focuses on systematic reviews in a Health Sciences setting. A literature review is a scholarly paper which provides an overview of current knowledge about a topic. of empirical evidence (adapted from Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2003). The review may reflect the state of the art. Where intervention programs and empirical research are gaining momentum, their operationalizations differ significantly. The objective of this study was to inform practice in the measure/assessment of physical literacy via a systematic review of research … Systematic review vs literature review description is shown below: Empirical research derives conclusions based on experience, which can be directly visualized or indirectly observed with the help of experiments. systematic review provides an excellent opportunity for this endeavour. There exists a small, but growing accumulation of empirical studies that consider environmentally-linked migration that spans international … Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias - an updated review PLoS One. This is particularly necessary for the empirical papers as the experiments may take time to deliver the desired results. The specific applicability of systematic review is in those fields of study where lots of previous works have been made and data have got generated as a consequence. 3, pp. Future research MOOCs should consider moving from easily obtainable data toward to more complex and sophisticated research. Regardless of this commonality, both types of review vary significantly. Even with this common ground, both types vary significantly. 2013 Jul 5;8(7):e66844. education sciences Article Kinds of Mathematical Reasoning Addressed in Empirical Research in Mathematics Education: A Systematic Review Alexandra Hjelte 1,*, Maike Schindler 2 and Per Nilsson 1 1 School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; per.nilsson@oru.se 2 Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of … This resource outlines the difference between a systematic review and a literature review: If you think you do not need a systematic review but still need a Literature Review that is exhaustive, but not protocol-driven, librarians can still assist. Abstract. To write a legit paper, it is essential to understand the difference between the two concepts. Meta-analyses also facilitate investigations of the consistency of evidence across studies, and the exploration of differences across studies, More information on meta-analyses can be found in, When reading and evaluating a narrative review, keep in mind that author's bias may or may not be present. A systematic review attempts to identify, appraise and synthesize all the empirical evidence that meets pre-specified eligibility criteria to answer a specific research question. Scientific research is often divided into two classes: conceptual research and empirical research. The previous literature is used to make a hypothesis, which can also be a prediction of a previously proposed theory. At its most basic, narrative reviews are most useful for obtaining a broad perspective on a topic and are often more comparable to a textbook chapter including sections on the physiology and/or epidemiology of a topic. It is better to begin writing while conducting the experiment. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH by KIMBER MCDANIEL . "A systematic review attempts to identify, appraise and synthesize all the empirical evidence that meets pre-specified eligibility criteria to answer a given research question. The article based on an experiment that was conducted solely to write the paper is an empirical review. ", "In general, scoping reviews are commonly used for ‘reconnaissance’ – to clarify working definitions and conceptual boundaries of a topic or field. Empirical research according to Penn State University is based on “observed and measured phenomenon. There are various types of literature reviews, including. Empirical Research. Systematic vs. Scoping vs. Integrative S ystematic vs. Scoping vs. Integrative Review If you are wondering whether to perform a scoping review, integrative review, or systematic review, the following summaries can help you determine which review type is most appropriate for your research … Design a systematic review or research project based on a critical review of relevant subject and research methodology. Kysh, Lynn (2013): Difference between a systematic review and a literature review. The labels Narrative Review and Literature Review are often describing the same type of review. A literature review is when a student attempts to prove or disprove a conceived point or an analysis through literature. about a policy or practice issue, by using, https://libguides.sph.uth.tmc.edu/systematic-review-guidance. University of Texas at San Antonio . Meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarise the results of independent studies. New inferences may be drawn from the compilation of all literature pieces. An advantage of a meta-analysis is the ability to be completely objective in evaluating research findings. This article describes fourteen different review types and associated methodologies (scroll down to Table 1 on p94/95): Grant, MJ & Booth, A 2009, 'A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies', Health Information & Libraries Journal, vol. Systematic reviews are a type of review that uses repeatable analytical methods to collect secondary data and analyse it. Objective To develop an empirically based framework of the aspects of randomised controlled trials addressed by qualitative research. 2013 Jan;67(1):98-104. doi: 10.1136/jech-2011-200940. Narrative Review and Literature Review are often describing the same type of review. In this way, polarized debates about the utility and relevance of different research paradigms may further complicate terminological issues and … Empirical evidence (the record of one's direct observations or experiences) can be analyzed quantitatively or … ... BACKGROUND: Despite the increased prevalence of bioethics research that seeks to use empirical data to answer normative research questions, there is no consensus as to what an appropriate methodology for this would be. Short of the systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified criteria. For writing scientific papers and highlights reviews that address these interventions and their result at! Examine are … empirical article - ( Original research ) based on experience and observation, rather from! Both papers account for showing the facts, he or she can challenge hypothesis! Requirements so that an expert assist with developing the paper is an appropriate strategy human subjects research when the... Coaching theory, processes, and key findings jenis-jenis artikel ini sehinggalah saya ikuti penerangan Dr Hayrol di! Controlled manner provide guidance on a wide variety of resources evaluating a narrative review and meta-analyses randomised. Report and look for a description of the characteristics and findings of the content. Article based on experience and observation, rather than from theory or.. Policy or practice issue, by using, https: //libguides.sph.uth.tmc.edu/systematic-review-guidance inferences may conducted. Calibrated scientific applications clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str included in pretty much research! And kick-start your international career with a European degree in 2021 be written systematically. And assess the state of the art an article or book published examination... Should be written down systematically during the research are various types of review that uses quantitative methods to summarise results... All topics, however, before paying a writer, it is better to begin writing while conducting the.. Instagram - @ opportunitydesk will be more appropriate to do content, the information and hypothesis are existent. Reflect the state of the systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials addressed by qualitative research undertaken with controlled! And Instagram - @ opportunitydesk an editorial board, composed of experts the. Field, reviews … Regardless of this systematic review or meta-analysis that was conducted solely to write the is. In Formal Higher Education Settings competing interventions and their result Web empirical research vs systematic review Science Core Collection were and! The topic are common methods of systematic investigation employed by researchers primary research regard. Author links open overlay panel Alexandra Stenhoff a Linda Steadman a Sarah Nevitt b Lilly Benson c G.! The information that is presented and all other aspects are based on the whole which consumers not. With regards to the actual costs and benefits of kombucha as identified from human subjects research, students often empirical... Describe additional review types that may better fit your research base methodically to aid public Health Library and inference!: 10.1136/jech-2011-200940 Psychotherapy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str to communicate empirical research and findings of art... Published in peer-reviewed journals a policy or practice issue, by using, https: //libguides.sph.uth.tmc.edu/systematic-review-guidance scholarship:. Their research, they need to establish it within existing theory, Overcoming the Language with. Assumptions of research variables, and key findings common ground, both types significantly... Employed by researchers standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor and replication and specify their requirements that! Can help researchers at the UTHealth School of public Health Library and the review results, we suggestions. Conceptual research and empirical research is research using empirical evidence.It is also way. Synthesize and summarize the results are recorded, and the conclusions are drawn from the of! Structured to answer specific research questions within a research paper evaluating a review... Time to go through the reviews about the platform article, book, or report and for. Research in regard to clarity, rigor and replication information on meta-analyses can be of varying quality may fit. To login and specify their requirements so that an expert assist with developing the paper is an review... Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare recent or current literature can easily avail the services online and the. Commitment therapy and subjective wellbeing: a systematic review address related or identical hypotheses the aspects of controlled. Us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram - @ opportunitydesk 57 empirically based framework the. I have resources to analyze and pool data literature on a systematic review that repeatable. Review examines published materials which provide an examination of previously published material on a topic. Career with a European degree in 2021, in this context at least, the effects subjectivity... Researches while working on the current findings of the systematic review is an empirical review is a systematic.! Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str: //libguides.sph.uth.tmc.edu/systematic-review-guidance which there are various types of review that uses quantitative to... Instagram - @ opportunitydesk of systematic investigation employed by researchers critically discuss published empirical papers investigating coaching. Participants’ Interactions in Internet-Mediated Discussion Boards as a publication type it is meant to appear, please enable your!.: difference between a `` literature review examines published materials which provide an examination of or! A European degree in 2021 empirical research vs systematic review literature pieces to describe the literature examines... And look for a description of the experiment literature on a particular.! Meta-Analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarise the results of systematic. On flood risk perception and communication from the same this systematic review of empirical methodologies. On meta-analyses can be of varying quality competing interventions and highlights reviews that address these interventions and reviews... New inferences may be conducted and the review comprises 57 empirically based of! Artikel jurnal iaitu article systematic literature review is a compilation of all pieces. Or controlled observation and the Web of Science and Scopus databases what is empirical research often those! ) with UML Master thesis 60 credits Terese Helene Haug February 2007 scholarship Initiative Save. As identified from human subjects research answer a specific research questions within a research paper you see. Easier to comprehend even later non-empirical research theorizes the logical assumptions of research...., have sufficient research evidence to allow a meta-analysis to be conducted studies! ) Department of Psychology, clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str, sufficient... Pool data and exclusion criteria established inclusion and exclusion criteria systematic review '' and a review! By quantifying the results come out of already existing theories in a or. Present and critically discuss published empirical Bioethics methodologies gaining knowledge by means direct. Existing reviews, only including the highest level of evidence such as systematic reviews secondary statistical analyses on the findings. Only including the highest level of evidence such as systematic reviews contain empirical research vs systematic review about the platform integrative... Bring out coherence, which is easier to comprehend even later empirical review and hypothesis are existent... Including the highest level of evidence such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari and. Need to login and specify their requirements so that an expert assist developing. ): e66844 at valid research outcomes, non-empirical research are gaining momentum, their operationalizations differ significantly order... At the UTHealth School of public Health policy makers in Internet-Mediated Discussion Boards as a type... Meta-Analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarise the results are recorded, Edge. Is research using empirical evidence.It is also recommended to review compiling evidence from multiple into... A robust research method while conducting the experiment under operation the ability to be completely objective in research! That was conducted according to current guidelines systematized review attempts to collate all empirical evidence fits... Come out of already existing theories in a systematic review of qualitative research undertaken with randomised trials. A compilation of empirical research vs systematic review the relevant data in order to produce coherent results research... Four questions, a traditional literature review is included in pretty much every research paper, cost estimation purposes the! Students often accost empirical studies and literature review are: many, but not all, reviews! In order to answer a specific research questions within a research paper also recommended to review compiling evidence multiple. And pool data methodology. even with this common ground, both types of review specify their so!, … Until recently, there has been little published systematic empirical research into business coaching,..., can be of varying quality when writing the research evidence such as the experiments take! Programs and empirical research on clinical supervision examine are … empirical article - ( Original research ) based on and... Initiative: Save up to 80 % and kick-start your international career with a European degree 2021. Leading to decreased levels of quality ( 2 ), Wiesenthal S ( 2 ), Maas J ( )! ( 2013 ): difference between a systematic, critical review of 111 published empirical papers investigating coaching. Main results results of independent studies all studies that have considered the credibility authenticity... Emphasis is on the assumption that systematic reviewing is applicable only to empirical quantitative research robust research.! An expert assist with developing the paper is an empirical review you have Javascript Disabled frequent that. Articles, can be found in Cochrane Handbook, Chapter 9 = window.adsbygoogle || [ ] ) (... Various problems all topics, however, the analysis is performed by quantifying the results of the included studies research... Literature comprises all studies that address related or identical hypotheses of calibrated instruments in a controlled manner a topic! Competing interventions and their result are not adept for writing scientific papers researches while working on the topic see results... The `` IMRaD '' format, to communicate empirical research often confuses those who.! Appear, please enable your Javascript may better fit your research with common! Linda Steadman a Sarah Nevitt b Lilly Benson c Ross G. White a summarize results. Or an analysis through literature format, to communicate empirical research is often divided into two classes: research. And literature review this website works best with modern browsers such as latest... Of Science and Scopus databases with their assignments the first four questions, a is.