As noted, Jesus’ curse-bearing work on the cross accomplished the salvation of those cursed under the law. The New Bible Commentary. When evening comes, the bodies are taken down and thrown back into the cave. You shall not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you for an inheritance” (ESV). 10:26-27), apparently designed to show that he was under the curse of God.” [11], Jeffrey Tigay offers an alternate explanation from Jewish tradition: “According to the Mishnah a gibbet (a pole with a horizontal beam) was erected and the dead man’s hands were bound and slung over the beam, leaving his body suspended. Gods commandments are analogous to guidelines that wise parents in human families give to their children. Joshua sees these foreign kings, representatives of the wicked Canaanites occupying the Promised Land, as cursed by God. Since relevant passages in the Old Testament do not give us any details on the exact method of hanging, we can assume it was unimportant. The connection between hanging and turning away Yahweh’s judgment upon Israel is once again seen in the time of David. Since the apostle Paul, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, understood the curse phrase in a subjective genitive sense, that interpretation must be preferred. “And if a man has committed a crime punishable by death and he is put to death, and you hang him on a tree, his body shall not remain all night on the tree, but you shall bury him the same day, for a hanged man is cursed by God. Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary 4. Thus Jesus’ victory is much greater in scope than Joshua’s. In order to understand the significance of Deuteronomy 21:22-23 for Israel, it must first be seen in its covenant context. However, the shedding of innocent blood can only be atoned under the Mosaic covenant through the execution of the perpetrators. Rather than offering two equally possible options, blessing and curse, the ceremony on Mt Ebal as instructed here is biased towards curse. [14] Joshua therefore becomes the first to apply the law of Deuteronomy 21:22-23, albeit to a foreign king. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Citing Deuteronomy 27:26, Paul reminds his readers that the law specifically states “Cursed be everyone who does not abide by all things written in the Book of the Law, and do them.” Therefore, the curse is for covenant breakers. The readers are reminded that the land is a gift from Yahweh as an inheritance. Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us—for it is written, "Cursed be everyone who hangs on a tree"—that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham might come upon the Gentiles, that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1979. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. For in her dire need she intends to eat them(CA) secretly because of the suffering your enemy will inflict on you during the siege of your cities. THE THEOLOGY OF DEUTERONOMY 27 Paul A. Barker Summary The problems of unity in Deuteronomy 27 are usually treated diachronically resulting in an impoverished theological appreciation of the chapter. In Moshe Bernstein’s analysis of the Rabbinical tradition surrounding the exegesis of Deut. Finally, it is important to note how the blessing of Abraham flows to the Gentiles through Israel. When He was hung on the cross, He took upon himself the curse for our wrongdoing. Why? (AZ) 42 Swarms of locusts(BA) will take over all your trees and the crops of your land. [32] Christians today receive the blessing of salvation through faith in Christ. An answer, including verses from Deuteronomy is found in the New Testament. Nevertheless, advocates of the anthropological Tigay, Jeffrey H. Deuteronomy. 20 The Lord will send on you curses, [10] Although Rabbinical tradition prior to the Septuagint seemed to be in favor of the objective genitive rendering, the Christian interpreter must turn to the New Testament for the interpretive key. 60 He will bring on you all the diseases of Egypt(CE) that you dreaded, and they will cling to you. (BC) They will be the head, but you will be the tail.(BD). And all the people shall answer and say, ‘Amen’” (Deuteronomy 27:15). Under the old covenant, execution and hanging as a curse are separate events as we have seen. Additionally, Yahweh states that the hanging will turn His anger away from Israel. Thus, since the body itself was cursed by God, allowing it to hang for a time past sunset transmitted the effects of that curse via imputation to the land and rendered it defiled in the sight of God. (BT) 52 They will lay siege(BU) to all the cities throughout your land until the high fortified walls in which you trust fall down. As enemies of Israel, both the king of Ai and the Amorite kings were cursed under the Abrahamic covenant. [22] Thus the innocent king of Israel is executed under the regime of pagan occupiers of the Promised Land and a stark contrast to Joshua’s execution of the Canaanite kings. Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. Bonneau, Normand. Once again, he shows them a land and promises blessing in it. Since we have been looking in chapter 27 of Deuteronomy at a list of “curses” upon those who violate God’s laws, we have to be careful NOT to confuse the list of “curses” (meaning the prescribed punishments for the various acts of sinning against God) with the phrase “the curse of the law”. There the Lord will give you an anxious mind, eyes(CS) weary with longing, and a despairing heart. Luther, Martin. (AD) You will plant a vineyard, but you will not even begin to enjoy its fruit. Crannell, P. W. “Defile; Defilement,” Vol. (CU) 68 The Lord will send you back in ships to Egypt on a journey I said you should never make again. (CQ) 65 Among those nations you will find no repose, no resting place(CR) for the sole of your foot. In verse 10, Paul quotes Deuteronomy 27:26: “Cursed is everyone who does not continue to do everything written in the Book of the Law.” • The curse of the CROSS. 15 However, if you do not obey(A) the Lord your God and do not carefully follow all his commands and decrees I am giving you today,(B) all these curses will come on you and overtake you:(C), 16 You will be cursed in the city and cursed in the country. And the condition of your relationship with God determines your eternal destiny. They will pursue you and overtake you(BE) until you are destroyed,(BF) because you did not obey the Lord your God and observe the commands and decrees he gave you. 53 Because of the suffering your enemy will inflict on you during the siege, you will eat the fruit of the womb, the flesh of the sons and daughters the Lord your God has given you. This rendering is consistent with the stipulations found in Deuteronomy 27:16-26 which pronounce a curse upon various forms of covenant breaking including sexual immorality, murder, and dishonoring one’s parents. Second ed. The 21st chapter of Deuteronomy lies within the broader section of Moses’ Second Address (Deut. This article will analyze the law of Deuteronomy 21:22-23 and connect how the elements of execution, cursing, and land defilement relate to the death of Jesus Christ. Examining the near context of our passage shows some thematic connections. New International Biblical Commentary 4. Through the concept of covenant representation, the faithful Jesus trades places with unfaithful Israel in order to bear the curse for those he came to redeem from under the penalty of the law. The Jerome Biblical Commentary 1. 51 They will devour the young of your livestock and the crops of your land until you are destroyed. The final connection between the hanging of Jesus and the outworking of Deuteronomy 21:22-23 in ancient Israel involves the aspect of curse bearing in order to turn away the wrath of Yahweh. Scholars recognize that the original Hebrew phrase “a curse of God” can be translated in both an objective genitive and subjective genitive sense. So does Paul imply that covenant keepers will avoid the curse? We post third party content that we believe is overall spiritually beneficial to our readers. However, since Jesus’ death on the cross is the means of execution, the concepts of capital punishment for covenant breaking and public hanging as a curse become united in one event. Jim rejoices that God chooses insignificant people to bring glory to Himself. [19]. Leicester, EN: Inter-Varsity Press, 2002. Packer, 256. The procedure of same-day burial is also seen in Joseph of Arimathea’s request to bury Jesus when evening arrived. The law has power to stir up sin (cf. Deuteronomy 28:15 If, however, you do not obey the LORD your God by carefully following all His commandments and statutes I am giving you today, all these curses will come upon you and overtake you: Proverbs 3:33 The curse of the LORD is on the house of the wicked, but He blesses the home of the righteous. Since no righteous government existed to bring about such justice, could it be that Yahweh Himself judged Israel through their destruction as a nation by the hands of the Roman general Titus in A.D. 70? Deciding upon the correct meaning of the curse requires interpreters to look for clues in the rest of Scripture. Cole, Alan. 17 “Cursed shall be your basket and your kneading bowl. Thus, through faith in Christ, even Gentiles can partake of the promises made to Abraham. 31 And so, the curse of Deut 21:23 reaches ultimate fulfillment in Christ, the cosmic vicarious curse bearer. [6] Gerhard von Rad understands the hanging body as a threat to cultic purity resulting in a poor harvest but does not explain the means by which the defilement is transmitted. The rejected King of Israel demonstrates his ultimate victory by defeating the curse through his own death. Used by permission. The final option, the subjective genitive, means that God curses the one who is hanged and is the meaning the apostle Paul uses in Galatians 3:13. However there is some disagreement as to what form of hanging is meant. By showing that justification cannot happen under the law, Paul demonstrates that the only way one can avoid the curse of the law is through faith in Jesus as substitute curse bearer. Paul indeed speaks of "the curse of the law" (Galatians 3:13 Galatians 3:13 Christ has redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangs on a tree: American King James Version ×), meaning a curse decreed by the law. Jim is Founder, Editor, and Author at 4Elect. Harrison, R. K. & Lewis, T. “Curse,” Vol. 61 The Lord will also bring on you every kind of sickness and disaster not recorded in this Book of the Law,(CF) until you are destroyed. Other acts that defile the land include the murder of an innocent person [3] and worship of idols. While the entire list of verses will not be repeated here, the following concepts stand out as curses upon God’s people, Israel, for when they disobeyed His laws: 1. And all the people shall answer and say, Amen. The relationship between Deuteronomy 21:22-23, its outworking within ancient Israel, and the death of Jesus is one of comparison and contrast. Our Heavenly Father has given these instructions to usHis childrenbecause He loves us and wants what is best for us. Leicester, EN: Inter-Varsity Press, 1989. They will besiege all the cities throughout the land the Lord your God is giving you.(BV). [30] It is from this law that Christ provides redemption. One might then ask, how do the Gentiles operate under this economy since they technically were not a part of Yahweh’s covenant and therefore not under law? A Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians. However, neither of these methods properly shows how the Mosaic law finds its ultimate fulfillment in the work of Jesus Christ, illuminates the glory of his death, and helps Christians gain a deeper understanding of the cost of their salvation. (CL) You will be uprooted(CM) from the land you are entering to possess. Lectures on Deuteronomy. The Curse of the Law :15 But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; The Collegeville Bible Commentary. Translated by Dorothea Barton. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1970. The Tyndale New Testament Commentary Series 9. Therefore, the correct understanding of the law is that those who break the covenant in a way that demands execution and are then hanged for public display are considered cursed by God. [21] As a faithful son who never broke any of Yahweh’s covenant stipulations, there was no lawful reason for Jesus’ execution. An examination of Paul’s argument in Galatians, and especially the 3rd chapter, will clarify who the apostle has in mind when he states “Christ redeems us from the curse of the law.”, First, it is important to notice who Paul says the curse is for. 18 “Cursed shall be the [ a]fruit of your body and the produce of your land, the increase of your cattle and the offspring of your flocks. Joshua then repeats this process with the five Amorite kings who hide in a cave. In Deuteronomy chapters 12 through 26, Moses revealed to the Israelites a set of laws known to scholars today as the Deuteronomic code. Copyright © 2019 by Zondervan. Wright, Christopher J. H. Deuteronomy. Merril, Eugene H. Deuteronomy. They will leave you no grain, new wine(BR) or olive oil,(BS) nor any calves of your herds or lambs of your flocks until you are ruined. JPS Torah Commentary. St. Louis: Concordia House Publishing, 1960. Only then can we know the cause of this slavery and its solution. Additionally, as Jesus’ “New Israel” redeemed from under the law, the Twelve Apostles form a reconstituted Israel, washed clean from their covenant-breaking sin via faith in the death of Jesus on their behalf. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992. The corpse of an executed person put to death under the covenant that hangs past sundown pollutes the land of Israel’s inheritance. The law reads. Kalland, Earl S. Deuteronomy – 2 Samuel. Therefore, every Since none are given, it seems best to understand defilement in an “imputed” sense, in the same manner in which immorality and false worship also rendered the land polluted. Included in the promises to Abraham is the guarantee that Yahweh Himself will curse any who dishonor Abraham and his descendants. Atonement for the land is normally made via the execution of the murderer. 3 of The Expositor’s Bible Commentary. (Y) 27 The Lord will afflict you with the boils of Egypt(Z) and with tumors, festering sores and the itch, from which you cannot be cured. However covenant breaking will bring curse. Jeremiah 7:6 McConville, J. G. Deuteronomy. In 2 Samuel 21, David inquires of the Lord as to why the land was experiencing famine for three years. 38 You will sow much seed in the field but you will harvest little,(AS) because locusts(AT) will devour(AU) it. Keeping Gods law can only bring benefits. (AY) 41 You will have sons and daughters but you will not keep them, because they will go into captivity. (AK), 36 The Lord will drive you and the king(AL) you set over you to a nation unknown to you or your ancestors. The Deuteronomic code is one of a set of three groups of laws laid down in the first 5 books of the Bible (Pentateuch). 45 All these curses will come on you. Look at Deuteronomy 28:61: “Also every sickness and every plague, which is not written in this Book of the Law, will the Lord bring upon you until you are destroyed.” That covers everything. After the eventual fall of Ai to the Israelite forces, Joshua takes the body of the king of Ai, presumably dead already since the text reads that all the inhabitants had been struck by the sword, and hangs him on a tree until evening. Young, Norman H. “Who’s Cursed – And Why? However those who sought to curse Abram would be cursed. As mentioned earlier, under the Mosaic covenant, the shedding of innocent blood caused the defilement of the land. THE CURSE OF THE LAW – DEUTERONOMY 28 This chapter speaks of the blessings of obedience and the curses for disobedience. Operating under divine mandate, the Canaanite kings must be destroyed if Joshua is to faithfully carry out his mission of judgment and conquest. According to Genesis 2 and 3, the curse is death. (AH) 34 The sights you see will drive you mad. But Christ has rescued us from the curse pronounced by the law. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979. Philadelphia: Quaker City Publishing House, 1872. Additionally, they also partake in the missionary mandate of the New Israel. Barton, John and John Muddiman, eds. All rights reserved worldwide. You shall not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you for an inheritance.”, “Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us—for it is written, ‘Cursed is everyone who is hanged on a tree.’”. Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are from The ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. You will be unsuccessful in everything you do; day after day you will be oppressed and robbed, with no one to rescue(AB) you. [18] As recompense, David allows the Gibeonites to hang seven of Saul’s sons. Pelikan, Jaroslav, ed. This conquest will achieve not only the redemption of the elect among Israel, but also far beyond the borders of the Promised Land to the chosen Gentiles living throughout the world. “And if a man has committed a crime punishable by death and he is put to death, and you hang him on a tree, his body shall not remain all night on the tree, but you shall bury him the same day, for a hanged man is cursed by God. Justice would be served but not redemption. An audience familiar with the general shape of redemption history outlined in Scripture, along with its specialized vocabulary, is assumed. (Galatians 3:10-14).” Journal of Biblical Literature 117, no. [29] In fact, the law, Paul says, was introduced to “imprison” everyone under sin as captives until Christ came to free his redeemed people from the confines of the law. (AN) 37 You will become a thing of horror,(AO) a byword(AP) and an object of ridicule(AQ) among all the peoples where the Lord will drive you.(AR). (F), 19 You will be cursed when you come in and cursed when you go out.(G). 1 (1998): 79-92. Bernstein, Moshe J.כי קללת אלחים תלױ” (Deut. Christians today are often confused by how old covenant law relates to life in the new covenant under Christ. (CV) There you will offer yourselves for sale to your enemies as male and female slaves, but no one will buy you. In verse 13, Paul quotes Deuteronomy 21:23: “Cursed is everyone who is hung on a tree.” Von Rad, Gerhard. [7]. [23] Instead of leading earthly armies in victorious conquest over the pagan Roman occupiers and driving them from the Promised Land, Jesus leads a greater conquest through his own execution. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984. In response, the Lord commands Moses to “Take all the chiefs of the people and hang them in the sun before the Lord, that the fierce anger of the Lord may turn away from Israel.” [17] Although 24,000 of the offenders die by divine plague, Yahweh singles out the chiefs of the peoples as representative offenders for hanging. It is only when the bones are buried that Yawheh removes the famine from the land. The issue involves rightful kingship. [26] Such curse bearing effectively removes the wrath of Yahweh against those Jesus redeems. A. Deut 27:26 does not declare a curse on everyone who tries to obey the law, which appears to be the distinguishing feature of the group that Paul identifies, but rather on those who fail to obey the law. [25] Some see the prophecy of Jesus in Matthew 24 finding a near-fulfillment in the destruction of Jerusalem and an ultimate fulfillment at his second coming. He will put an iron yoke(BK) on your neck(BL) until he has destroyed you. In fact, Yahweh states clearly that it is these sexual practices by which the Canaanites have already polluted the land. They led tribes that defiled Yahweh’s land through idolatrous and immoral practices which brought them under judgment and curse. 43 The foreigners who reside among you will rise above you higher and higher, but you will sink lower and lower. It is the blessing of this victory that Christians enjoy and must proclaim throughout the earth today. 49 The Lord will bring a nation against you(BM) from far away, from the ends of the earth,(BN) like an eagle(BO) swooping down, a nation whose language you will not understand,(BP) 50 a fierce-looking nation without respect for the old(BQ) or pity for the young. (AI) 35 The Lord will afflict your knees and legs with painful boils(AJ) that cannot be cured, spreading from the soles of your feet to the top of your head. 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